Community Democratic Citizenship Article Summary - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 579 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Citizenship Essay Did you like this example? A study published in the Journal for Artificial Societies and Social Stimulation (the JASSS) utilitized artificial intelligence to study the question of whether people are naturally violent, or if factors such as religion can cause xenophobic tension and anxiety between groups, that may or may not lead to violence. The tests revealed that people are naturally peaceful, but in a wide range of contexts they are willing to engage in violence. Violence emerged particularly in situations when others went against or threatened the core beliefs that define a persons identity. The study was conducted by a group of researchers from universities like Oxford, Boston University, and the University of Agder, which is in Norway. They used theories in cognitive psychology to replicate how a human thinks and processes information against their own personal experiences and created an AI program to show how an individuals beliefs match up in a group situation. To represent an everyday society, and how people of different faiths interact in the world, they populated a simulated environment with thousands (maybe millions) of human models. The only difference between the people was a few different variables like age, ethnicity, religion. Some of the models were given positive experiences with people from other religions, while others had negative or neutral encounters. They did this to study the escalation and de-escalation of violence over time,and how it can or cannot be managed. The environments also had a basic design. Within these spaces the humans interacted with certain hazards like natural disasters and disease, and at some point, each other. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Community Democratic Citizenship Article Summary" essay for you Create order The findings show us that even in times of crisis such as the natural disasters or diseases, people tend to bond and come together. The conditions that cause mutual xenophobic tension occur is when social hazards, such a people from inside or outside the group go against the groups core beliefs and identity. It is only when peoples core beliefs are questioned, or they feel that their commitment to their beliefs are challenged, that we see conflicts occur. However, this study showed that this anxiety only led to violence in 20% of the scenarios created. While CMTY 195 has not had a section on religion or religious conflicts thus far, I feel that is article is still relevant to this course and its teachings. Artificial intelligence can help us to better understand the causes of religious violence and to possibly control it. This study is one of the first that uses AI with a realistic human psychology. This research can be a positive tool that supports integration of multicultural societies. Throughout this class so far, we have read about increased diversity in America (Week 7), emerging megacities and their problems (Week 5), feminist issues (Week 11), and many other issues that I feel tie in to this article. I feel a sectio about religion and religious anxieties would tie in perfectly in a class about community and citizenship in a democratic society. It is a very important problem that has caused so many conflicts, violent and non-violent. With this ability to mimic human psychology, and the future hopes of understanding and controlling religious conflict, continuing this kind of research can help bring peace and cohesiveness to our local, state, national, and global communities. With all of the issues and conflicts we have learned about in CMTY 195 and that we hear about everyday in the news, this simulation showed that we are not inherently violent people. There may be some hope for us yet!

Creative Leadership Methodology and Philosophy of Science...

Methodology Philosophy of Science In this chapter I discuss the research methods suitable for the study and what is useful for it to use in response for the problem statement which is directed towards the creative leaders in companies. Furthermore, in this chapter I present the methods which I used to find out needed information for the project. Thus, this part specifies the methods of research which I used, data collection and analysis of gathered data. Philosophy of Science All people in the world culture, appearence, behaviour mostly depends on nationality, country. Hence, view on the world and how they perceive it is different. As we all have different lifes, different destinies, so many things we create our own truth, and we†¦show more content†¦But, there are people who want to change something in they life or just want to feel happier then they try to interact with the world that all these wishes become reality, while others just sit, wait and do nothing or wish that things would be better. The same we could adapt to the organizations. One do something that can achieve better results and would be the best, while another – just goes with the stream and waiting for a better time and think how to survive. (For this reason in the organizations we need creative leaders.) Hence, I as scientist understand that everyone has their own truth and there is no one right answer for a question, because it depends on everyone individual experience. â€Å"In the modern world subjectivist philosophies have become very popular as they challenge the notion of absolute Truth which allows people to democratize truths.† (Andrews, 2012). In other words, the truths become relative with each person, due to we find out the truth after certain time, after each human experience and just then we can summarize and say that this is good or bad. Hence, I agree wih this statement, because, for example, just now a few centuries passed, especially after a lot of leadership samples in the world, we can to accept where good leadership was and where bad leadership was. 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Management Control System Free Essays

Management Control System Assignment â€Å"Budgeting Preparation† * Budget Preparation Budget preparation is a summary of company’s plans that sets specific targets for sales, production, distribution and financing activities. It generally culminates in a cash budget, a budgeted income statement, and a budgeted balance sheet. In short, this budget represents a comprehensive expression of management’s plans for future and how these plans are to be accomplished. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Control System or any similar topic only for you Order Now It usually consists of a number of separate but interdependent budgets. One budget may be necessary before the other can be initiated. More one budget estimate effects other budget estimates because the figures of one budget is usually used in the preparation of other budget. This is the reason why these budgets are called interdependent budgets. * Gudeline of Budget Preparation Operating Budgets An operating budget is a statement that presents the financial plan for each responsibility centre during the budget period and reflects operating activities involving revenues and expenses. The most common types of operating budgets are  expense,  revenue, and  profit budgets Expense Budget An expense budget is an operating budget that documents expected expenses during the budget period. Three different kinds of expenses normally are evaluated in the expense budget -fixed,  variable  and  discretionary  (Discretionary expenses – costs that depend on managerial judgment because they cannot be determined with certainty, for example:  legal fees, accounting fees  and  RD expenses). Revenue Budget A revenue budget identifies the revenues required by the organization. It is a budget that  projects future sales. Profit Budget A profit budget combines both expense and revenue budgets into one statement to show  gross and net profits. Feature article about  Production Management Profit budgets are used to make  final resource allocation, check on the adequacy of expense budgets relative to anticipated revenues, control activities across units, and assign responsibility to managers for their shares of the organization’s financial performance. Financial Budgets Financial Budgets outline how an organization is going to acquire its cash and how it intends to use the cash. Three important financial budgets are the  cash budget,  capital expenditure budget  and the balance sheet budget. Cash budget Cash budgets are forecasts of how much cash the organization has on hand and how much it will need to meet  expenses. The cash budget helps managers determine whether they will have adequate amounts of cash to handle required disbursements when necessary, when there will be excess cash that needs to be invested, and when cash flows deviate from budgeted amounts. Capital Expenditure Budget Capital Expenditure Budgets,  Investment in property,  buildings and  major equipment  are called capital expenditure. Such capital expenditure budgets allow management to forecast capital requirements, to on top of important capital projects, and to ensure the adequate cash is available to meet these expenditures as they come due. The balance sheet budget The balance sheet budget plans the amount of  assets  and liabilities  for the end of the time period under considerations. A balance sheet budget is also known as a  pro forma (projected) balance sheet. Analysis of the balance sheet budget may suggest problems or opportunities that will require managers to alter some of the other budgets * Budgeting Process * Behavioral Aspects Actually, an effective budget preparation process blends the two approaches. Budgetees prepare the first draft of the budget for their area of responsibility, they do so within guideliness established at higher level. Senior managers review and critique these proposed budgets. Research has shown that budget preparation where the process in which the budgetee is both involved and has influence over the setting of budget amounts and it has positive effects on managerial motivation for two reasons : 1. There is likely to be greater acceptance of budget goals if they are perceived as being under managers’ personal control, rather than being imposed externally. This will leads to higher personal commitment to achieve the goals. 2. Participative budgeting result in effective information exchanges. The approved budget amounts benefit from the expertise and personal knowledge of the budgetees, where the budgetees have a clearer understanding of their jobs through interactions with superior during the review and approval phase. The budget department has a particularly difficult in behavioral problem. It must analyze the budgets in details, and it must be certain that the budget are prepared properlu and that the information is accurate. To accomplish the tasks, the budget department sometimes must act in ways that line managers perceive as threatening or hostile. To perform, their function effectively, the members of the budget department must have a reputation for impartiality and fairness. If they do not have this reputation, it becomes difficult, if not impossible, for them to perform the task necessary to maintaining the effective budgetary control system. Citation Anthony, R. N. , ; Govindarajan, V. (2007). Behavioral Aspects. In Management Control System (pp. 391-393). New York: McGraw-Hill. How to Prepare Budget. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 02, 2012, from CWA – Communication Workers of America: How to cite Management Control System, Essay examples Management Control System Free Essays Coca Cola Goes Small in India The coca-cola company is the number one seller of soft drinks in the world. Every day an average of more than 1 Billion servings of Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Sprite, Fanta and other products of Coca-Cola are enjoyed around the world. The company has the world’s largest production and distribution system for soft drinks and sells more than twice as many soft drinks as its nearest competitor. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Control System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Coca-Cola products are sold in more than 200 countries around the globe. For several reasons, the company believes it will continue to grow internationally. One reasons is that disposable income is rising Another reason is that outside the United States and Europe, the world is getting younger. In addition, reaching world markets is becoming easier as political barriers fall and transportation difficulties are overcome. Still another reason is that the sharing of ideas, cultures and news around the world creates market opportunities. Part of the company mission for Coca-Cola to maintain the world’s powerful trademark and effectively utilize the world’s most effective and pervasive distribution system. In June 1999 Coca-Cola India introduced a 200-milliliter Coke bottle in Delhi, India, in a campaign to market Coke to its poorest customers. This strategy was successful for Coca-Cola in other countries such as Russia. The bottle sells for Rs. 12, making affordable to almost everyone. In 2001, Coca-Cola enjoyed 25% growth in India including an 18% increase in unit case sales of Coca-Cola. Because of the variability of bottling machinery, it is likely that every 200 milliliter bottle of Coca-Cola does not contain exactly 200 milliliters of fluid. Some bottles may contain more fluid and other less. Because 200 milliliters fills are somewhat unusual, a production engineer wants to test some of the bottles from the first production runs to determine how closely they are to the 200 milliliter specification. Suppose the following data are the field measurements from a random sample of 50 bottles. Consider the measures of central tendency, variation, skewness. Based on this analysis, explain how the bottling process working? 200. 1 200. 1 199. 7 200. 1 200. 4 199. 6 200. 1 200. 3 200. 2 200. 2199. 9 200. 9 200. 4 199. 4 199. 8 200. 4 200. 8 200. 5 200. 5 199. 5200. 2 200. 1 200. 3 199. 6 199. 9 200. 4 199. 9 199. 9 200. 2 200. 6200. 2 200. 3 199. 8 199. 2 200. 2 200. 6 200. 0 201. 1 199. 7 200. 3200. 0 200. 5 199. 3 200. 2 199. 6 200. 6 199. 9 199. 7 200. 9 199. 8 How to cite Management Control System, Essay examples

National Government free essay sample

National Government  is a concept referring to the coalition of the major political parties which were under Ramsay MacDonald,  Stanley Baldwin  and  Neville Chamberlain  they held office from 1931 until 1940. The  Wall Street Crash  was the start of Great Depression  and Britain was badly hit. The Government tried to achieve several different, contradictory objectives which where ones such as, trying to maintain Britains economic position by maintaining the  pound  on the  gold standard, balancing the  budget, and providing assistance and relief to tackle unemployment. In 1931 the situation worsened and there was fear that the budget was unbalanced, which was allowed by the independent  May Report  which triggered a confidence crisis. The  Labour Government  agreed to make changes in taxation and expenditure in order to balance the budget and restore confidence, but the  Cabinet  could not agree on the two options available which was either introduce  tariffs, or make 20% cuts in  unemployment benefit. We will write a custom essay sample on National Government or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A final vote was taken on the issue and the Cabinet was split 11:9 with a minority including many political heavyweights such as George Lansbury threatening to resign rather than agree. Due to this unworkable split, on 24 August 1931 the government resigned. Both the Conservative and Liberal parties met with  King George V  and MacDonald, first to discuss support for the measures taken but again to discuss the shape of the next government. On 24 August MacDonald agreed to form a National Government composed of men from all parties with the specific aim of balancing the Budget and restoring confidence. The Government was then meant to resolve once these aims had been met and a general election was to be held. The National Government had many problems during their time in office. One of the major problems they had was the impact of the depression was strong upon Britain. An economic problem they faced was that unemployment had risen to 3 million. During their time in office the unemployment level did drop but this was not due to the national Government it was due to new technology and industries, Rearmament started up in 1936 and there was a housing boom. The national government came up with many schemes such as closing competing factories i. e. cotton; shipbuilding this only increased the number of unemployed. The came up with the unemployment assistance act and the special areas act these worked to a certain extent as for certain areas it was too little too late for schemes like this. But it could not get rid of the intractable million who were people who came from staple industries such as coal, textiles, shipbuilding, iron and steel. These people where the ones who lived in places such as Jarrow where 1 in 10 men where in work. A social problem they faced was that as the impact of the Depression was hard on Britain, there was a large drop in living standards a cut in the amount of benefits people could collect and there was a means test to see if families where eligible for benefits. Which meant fewer families got the ‘dole’ and if they did get it they got a small amount which created the two nations in Britain. As places like Jarrow were one of the worst hit places while places like London and Bristol benefited from a lot of the changes such as they were the ones able to use the new technology and be hired into the new industries and they were one of the few who could afford to buy a new house in the housing boom. There were many hunger marches due to this; the most famous was the Jarrow crusade. This is where many unemployed marched all the way to London to speak to Baldwin about what he was going to do to help them but they were refused a seating which him all they arrived was tea and sympathy it is said. Another Problem faced by the National Government was the balancing of the budget. This was orthodox economics which means it is situation in financial planning where total revenues are equal to or greater than total expenses. This was successful to a limited extent as with all the cuts such as 20% off unemployment as well as having a means test allowing them to save enough money for them to get foreign loans. But only the south of England benefited from the money saved. Social problem occurred due to cuts in unemployment benefit was that there was a drop in benefits for unemployed which led to them having a lower standard of living. They came off the gold standard which made the exports (manufacturers goods) which where imports into other countries cheaper. They lowered interest rates, which helped small businesses, home owners and those in the south of England. Then public sector pay was cut by 10% but navy was not happy about this which caused trouble when the Invogadon navy mutinied. The National Government were successful to an extent but they were limited due to all the economic greatness helped those who were in the south of England and not those in the north which allowed the social deprivation to continue.